Object Oriented Pgogramming (OOP)

Object Oriented Pgogramming (OOP) :

                It is a new way of programming to solve the problems which are large in size this is known as object oriented programming. Object oriented programming is the best way of programming and best way to removes the errors which is in the program, you developed. Objest oriented programming is also known as OOP.

Features of Objest Oriented Programming :

            The features of object oriented programming is four I will discuss all of them :

• 1.      Data Abstraction:

Data abstraction means the create classes from the objects in the program or making software. We create classes from the object then we easily create program or software.

• 2.      Data Enacapsulation :

Data encapsulation means the variables, data and functions are defined at the same class in the program. The variables and function are define within the class because we correct the errors easily and manage the program easily.

• 3.      Data Hiding :

Data hiding means when we make a data private so that it cannot be accessible outside the class in the program. We make data private or public, if we make private the data cannot access outside the class.

• 4.      Inheritance :

Inheritance means we create classes, which is inherit characteristics of old class in the program.

 

Structured Programming

Structured Programming:

            Structured Programming is the initial stage of programming. This programming is use to improve clearity, quality and development. This programming is very simple. In this programming, cannot define the classes only can define main, and the functions.

Structured Programming Problems :

                There are three big problems in structured programming i.e :

• 1.      Program Size:

Program size is a big problem of structured programming. If the program is small which is manage easily but the program is large then the program is manage very difficult and very difficult to solve the errors.

• 2.      User change Value Without Function :

This is the second problem of Structured Programming. If the user define the value in the main function than the program is not fully worked properly (some errors in the output).This is also known as unrestricted access to data.

• 3.      Separate Variable & Functions :

This is the third big problem of the Structured Programming. Separation of data and functions which is related with each other. If the software developer or programmer does not  separate the variables and functions in the program than the coding of program is mixed and they can’t find the errors and they can’t manage the program.

How to Make a Table in Turbo C

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int count,table,a;
printf("input table=");
scanf("%d",&table);
for(count=1;count<=10;count=count+1)
{
a=table*count;
printf("\n%d*%d=%d",table,count,a);
}
getch();
}

C Coding of Smilee in Turbo C

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int count;
for(count=1;count<=255;count=count+1)
{
printf("\t%d",count);
printf(" %c",count);
}
getch();
}

How to Make a Starik Cube in Turbo C

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<raza.h>

int main(void)
{
int a;
clrscr();
printline(20,'*');
getch();
return 0;
}

C Coding of a Number is Prime or Not

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int num,i,count=0;
clrscr();
printf("input number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++)
{
if(num%i==0)
count++;
}
if(count==0&&num!=1)
printf("%d is a prime number",num);
else
printf("%d is not a prime number",num);
getch();
return 0;
}

C Coding Show Positive or Negative Number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int number,positve=0,negative=0,zero=0;
do
{
printf("input number=");
scanf("%d",&number);
{
if(number>0)
positve++;
if(number<0)
negative++;
if(number==0)
zero++;
}}
while(number!=-1);
printf("\npositve number= %d",positve);
printf("\nnegative number= %d",negative);
printf("\nzero number= %d",zero);
getch();
}

What is an Algorithm...?

What is an Algorithm...?

                 An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a procedure or formula for  solving a problem. The word derives from the name of the mathematician,  Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in  Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850. Al-Khwarizmi's work is the  likely source for the word algebra as well.

A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In  mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small  procedure that solves a recurrent problem.

Different types of algorithms:-

1)      Brute force

2)      Divide and conquer

3)      Decrease and conquer

4)      Dynamic programming

5)      Greedy algorithm

6)      Transform and conquer

7)      Backtracking algorithm

Programming Languages...

Programming Language :

             A programming language is a computer language engineered to create a standard form of commands. This is very inportant language for making a softwares. These commands can be interpreted into a code understood by a machine or computer. Programs are created through programming languages to control the output of a machine through accurate algorithms, similar to the human communication process.

              A programming language is also known as a programming system, computer language or computer system.

C Programming Language (C) :

              C is a computer programming language. C is a high-level and general purpose programming language that is ideal for developing portable applications. Originally intended for writing system software, C was developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie for the Unix Operating System (OS) in the early 1970s.

C++ Programming Language :

                 C++ is also a computer programming language. C++ is an object oriented programming (OOP) language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, and is an extension of C language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a "C style" or "object-oriented style." In certain scenarios, it can be coded in either way and is thus an effective example of a hybrid language.

C++ is a general purpose object oriented  language. It is considered to be an intermediate level language, as it encapsulates both high and low level language features. Initially, the language was called 'C with classes’ as it had all properties of C language with an additional concept of 'classes’. However, it was renamed to C++ in 1983.

Computer Based Training.

Computer Based Training  CBT :

                Computer based training may be abbreviated as computer based training and it means training through computer system. This may be a business pc or a terminal linked with mini or mainframe computer system. It may be used to train people in several hundreds different skills from using a word processing package to learning how to fly a jumbo jet.

            CBT are different programs that are supplied on CD-ROM. These programs include Text, graphics and sound, audio lectures are recorded on the CD’s. CBT is a low cost solution for educating people.

Benefit of Computer and CBT :

                CBT having a lot of benefit, few of which are given below :

• A major benefit of computer based training for an employer is cost. The employer doesn’t have to pay for accommodations, traveling or salaries for the trainers while the staff attends a course. The investment in the suitable training, package may quickly pay for itself especially in case when suitable hardware is already available.

• An advantages from the staff members point of view is that staff can train when they want, often at their own desks on the computer which they will eventually be using, without computer based training, when  the new members of staff join a company, they have to wait until there are sufficient members to justify a course for them, with CBT, they can start on their training immediately.

• Another advantages for students is that they can study at their own pace and can repeat sections of materials that they find difficult. Some CBT products have built-in checks so that they can monitor the individual performance of each student.

• Real life situations can be simulated and the student or trainee can learn without the danger of performing live experiments such as aircraft simulator particularly dangerous but rare situation such as the effects of ice forming on the wings in the sub-zero temperature can be modeled to give pilots experience without being in life threatening situations.

Benefit of CBT (computer based training) :

            CBT are different programs that have many important benefit as follows:

1). Students are learn new skills at their own place.

2). They can easily acquire knowledge in any available time of their own choice.

3). Teaching time can be reduced.

4). CBT contains interactive, attractive and easy material. It encourages the students to learn the topic.

5). Planning and timing problems are reduced or eliminated.

6). The skill can be taught at any time and at any place.

7). It is very cost effective way to train a large number of students locally or at distant places.